The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement was signed on 7 August 2026 by Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and which third country?

Explanation: The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement was signed on 7 August 2026 at Al-Safa Palace in Makkah by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif. Its core provision treats an armed attack on any member as an attack on all. Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan likened the commitment to NATO's Article 5, while noting the form of assistance would be determined through consultation. This is among the most examinable CSS foreign policy developments of 2026.