🏛️ History

Explanation: The Black Death (bubonic plague) struck Europe most severely between 1347-1351 in the 14th century, killing an estimated 30-60% of Europe's population.

Explanation: Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey) was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 until the empire's dissolution in 1922. It was conquered by Sultan Mehmed II in 1453.

Explanation: The Magna Carta was signed by King John of England in 1215. It was a landmark document that limited royal power and laid the foundation for constitutional governance and rule of law.

Explanation: Genghis Khan (c.1162-1227) was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in history. He united the Mongol tribes and conquered vast territories.

Explanation: The Crusades (1096-1291) were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Catholic Church, aimed at recovering the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Muslim rule.

Explanation: Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) was a Roman general, statesman and author who played a critical role in the fall of the Roman Republic. He was assassinated on the Ides of March (March 15, 44 BCE).

Explanation: The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected China with Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, East Africa and Europe, facilitating trade in silk, spices and ideas.

Explanation: Mohenjo-daro (in present-day Pakistan) was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE), known for its advanced urban planning and drainage systems.

Explanation: The Great Pyramids of Giza were built by the Ancient Egyptians around 2560-2500 BCE as tombs for pharaohs. The largest, the Great Pyramid, was built for Pharaoh Khufu.

Explanation: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), particularly Sumer, is generally considered the world's oldest civilization, dating to around 3500-3000 BCE. It had writing, cities and laws.